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脑癌在治疗上往往比其他癌症更为困难，但加拿大萨斯喀彻温大学（University of Saskatchewan）团队最近开发了一种新方法，能够在杀死脑部癌细胞的同时保留周围脆弱组织，这项技术还有一个附带的好处：让针对脑癌的化学疗法更具可行性。
用电流杀死肿瘤细胞而不破坏健康组织
胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma multiforme, GBM）是一种常见且具致命性的脑癌，由于恶性肿瘤生长快速且具高侵袭性，仅有 6% 左右的病人在确诊后存活五年以上。为了探索更多治疗选择，萨斯喀彻温大学团队打造了体外的 3D 细胞模型，来测试数种电流治疗方案在对抗胶质母细胞瘤的潜力。
团队测试了有“奈米刀”（NanoKnife）别称的传统不可逆电穿孔（irreversible electroporation, IRE）技术协议，以及 3 种新一代高频不可逆电穿孔（H-FIRE）方案在 3D 细胞模型中的治疗效果。
透过使用电化学阻抗谱（electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS）表征不同电场强度下细胞模型的电导率，团队得以建立电穿孔的电热模型，并确定不同协议的温度阈值，如何在破坏胶质母细胞瘤细胞的同时，将对周围组织、血管造成的影响降至最低。
这套技术依赖于胶质母细胞瘤细胞对电流的反应，研究人员发现，与周围健康组织的致死电场（LEF）阈值相比，胶质母细胞瘤细胞仅需更小的电场便可以杀死，不仅如此，这种技术还会暂时破坏血脑屏障。
血脑屏障是保护大脑不受感染侵扰的重要防线，但当脑部肿瘤出现时，血脑屏障也会成为阻挡许多治疗药物进入的高墙。研究团队发现，新技术可以协助暂时打开屏障，使大脑能够更好接收化学疗法或有助于增强免疫反应的药物，让患者能以系统性的方式对抗肿瘤。
开发结合 H-FIRE 和免疫治疗的疗法
过去在对抗脑癌上，多采取手术合并放疗或化疗进行，相较之下，萨斯喀彻温团队开发的技术是将天线针穿过头骨插入肿瘤内发送电流脉冲来破坏肿瘤细胞，过程不涉及打开头骨、高温或辐射。
医学院一般外科研究员、研究合著者 Mike Moser 认为，这项研究证实一种更安全、更有效的癌症治疗方案在临床上或许是可行的。团队计画下一步将以 H-FIRE 技术为主，探索并开发一种结合肿瘤切除和免疫治疗的新方案。
延伸阅读：追踪肿瘤衍生物质，新生物传感器能用微量血清检测脑癌！参考资料：
1. Biomechanical Engineering, 2022,https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4054381
2. https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2022/zapping-brain-cancer-with-long-needles-opens-door-to-new-treatments-usask-research.php
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